Is There Evidence for Blanchard’s Transsexualism Typology?
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The evidence for Blanchard’s transsexualism typology is substantial, with neuroanatomical studies and research on sexual behaviors providing strong support. However, the theory remains contentious, with ongoing debates about its accuracy and relevance. Further research is needed to address these controversies and to refine our understanding of the diverse experiences of MtF transsexuals.
Blanchard’s typology of male-to-female (MtF) transsexualism, which categorizes individuals based on their sexual orientation and the presence of autogynephilia, has been a subject of significant research and debate. This article examines the evidence supporting Blanchard’s typology, drawing on recent studies and empirical data.
Blanchard’s Typology
Blanchard proposed that MtF transsexuals can be divided into two main categories: those who are androphilic (sexually attracted to males) and those who are non-androphilic (sexually attracted to females, both males and females, or neither gender). He further suggested that non-androphilic MtF transsexuals often exhibit autogynephilia, a paraphilic sexual orientation characterized by sexual arousal at the thought or image of oneself as a woman2 4.
Neuroanatomical Evidence
Recent MRI studies have provided neuroanatomical evidence supporting Blanchard’s typology. Rametti et al. (2010) and Savic and Arver (2010) conducted studies comparing the brain structures of homosexual and heterosexual MtF transsexuals with control groups. Rametti et al. found that homosexual MtF transsexuals exhibited brain structures that were intermediate between typical male and female brains, supporting the idea of a female-typical shift in these individuals1. In contrast, Savic and Arver found no sex-atypical brain structures in heterosexual MtF transsexuals, aligning with Blanchard’s prediction that the differences in this group may not involve sex-dimorphic structures1.
Autogynephilia and Sexual Orientation
Blanchard’s theory of autogynephilia has been supported by various studies examining the sexual behaviors and attractions of MtF transsexuals. Research has shown that non-androphilic MtF transsexuals often report higher levels of autogynephilic arousal and behaviors compared to their androphilic counterparts2 4. Additionally, studies have found significant differences in the prevalence of transvestic fetishism between homosexual and non-homosexual MtF transsexuals, further supporting the typology3.
Controversies and Criticisms
Despite the empirical support, Blanchard’s typology has faced criticism and controversy. Some MtF transsexuals have rejected the theory, arguing that it does not align with their personal experiences and is overly restrictive6. Critics have also questioned the validity and applicability of the typology, suggesting that it may not capture the full complexity of gender dysphoria and transsexualism7 8.
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