Kennel cough in dogs
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Kennel cough is a common and highly contagious respiratory disease in dogs, caused by a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens. While it is generally not life-threatening, it can cause significant discomfort and distress. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment, along with preventive measures such as vaccination, are essential to managing and controlling this disease.
Kennel cough, also known as Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis, is a highly contagious respiratory disease that affects dogs worldwide. It is characterized by inflammation of the trachea and bronchi, leading to a persistent cough. This article explores the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of kennel cough in dogs.
Causes
Kennel cough is a multifactorial disease, meaning it can be caused by several different pathogens, both viral and bacterial. The most common causative agents include:
- Bordetella bronchiseptica: A gram-negative bacterium considered the primary cause of kennel cough1 4 8.
- Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPIV): A significant viral agent often associated with kennel cough1 4 10.
- Canine Adenovirus Type 2 (CAV-2): Another viral pathogen contributing to the disease1 5.
- Other Pathogens: Mycoplasmas, Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, canine herpesvirus, and reoviruses have also been implicated1.
Symptoms
The primary symptom of kennel cough is a persistent, dry, hacking cough. Other clinical signs may include:
- Nasal discharge
- Gagging or retching
- Fever (pyrexia)
- Loss of appetite (anorexia)6
In severe cases, dogs may develop pneumonia, characterized by more serious respiratory distress4.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of kennel cough is typically based on clinical signs and history, especially if the dog has been in a high-risk environment such as a boarding kennel or shelter. Laboratory tests, including bacterial cultures and viral isolation, can help identify the specific pathogens involved10.
Treatment
Treatment for kennel cough often involves supportive care, such as rest and hydration. Antibiotics may be prescribed if a bacterial infection is confirmed or suspected. In some cases, cough suppressants and anti-inflammatory medications may be used to alleviate symptoms8.
Prevention
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent kennel cough. Intranasal vaccines containing Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus, with or without canine adenovirus type 2, have been shown to reduce the incidence of coughing and other clinical signs2 3 9. These vaccines stimulate local immunity and can provide protection within a few days of administration9.