P. Ferreira, Rayran Walter Ramos de Sousa, José Roberto de Oliveira Ferreira
Mar 25, 2021
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Influential Citations
42
Citations
Journal
Pharmacological research
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are the most common drugs used to relieve acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, In this article, we present a review about the use of CQ and HCQ in antitumor therapies based on related-autophagy mechanisms. These molecules break/discontinue autophagosome-lysosome fusions in initial phases and enhance antiproliferative action of chemotherapeutics. Their sensitizing effects of chemotherapy when used as an adjuvant option in clinical trials against cancer. However, human related-MDR genes are also under risk to develop chemo or radioresistance because cancer cells have ability to throw 4-aminoquinolines out from digestive vacuoles well. Additionally, they also have antitumor mechanism unrelated to autophagy, including cell death from apoptosis and necroptosis and immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory characteristics. On the other hand, the link between some mechanisms, clinical efficacy and safety observed in vivo has not yet been fully defined.