S. N. Desai
2014
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Abstract
Abstract o -Anisidine is used in the manufacture of dyes, pigments, and pharmaceuticals. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) considers o -anisidine to be a potential occupational carcinogen (at the exposure level: 50 mg m − 3 ). o -Anisidine is a very toxic agent that causes blood, enzyme, and nerve damage with cyanosis and the danger of suffocation. It is produced from 2-methoxynitrobenzene by reduction with iron or by hydrogenation in the presence of precious-metal catalysts (platinum or palladium on activated carbon; solvent: toluene). It can also be prepared by reduction of o -nitroanisole with tin or iron and hydrochloric acid. Acute (short-term) exposure to o -anisidine results in skin irritation in humans. Exposure to o -anisidine at the workplace by inhalation for 6 months caused headaches, vertigo, and effects on the blood. Animal studies have reported effects on the blood from chronic (long-term) dermal exposure to o -anisidine. o -Anisidine has been found in cigarette smoke and as an environmental pollutant in wastewater from oil refineries and chemical plants. Concentration of o -anisidine in average smoke and other cigarettes has been reported to be up to 5.12 ng per cigarette. Individuals in the population could be exposed to o -anisidine in the environment, because it was detected in urine, and as a hemoglobin adduct in humans. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to o -anisidine via inhalation of cigarette smoke. Animal studies have reported tumors of the urinary bladder from oral exposure to o -anisidine. EPA has not classified o -anisidine for carcinogenicity, but the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified o -anisidine as a Group 2B, possible human carcinogen. No information is available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of o -anisidine in humans. The LD 50 for Wistar rats was found to be 1890 mg kg − 1 bw.