How is Cryptosporidium infection treated?

Cryptosporidium infection, a cause of diarrheal disease globally, presents a challenge in treatment, especially in immunocompromised individuals and children.

Nitazoxanide is the only FDA-approved medication for Cryptosporidium infections, showing moderate efficacy in immunocompetent patients but is less effective in severely immunocompromised patients and infants .
Paromomycin has been used successfully to treat Cryptosporidium infections in HIV-positive patients, with many patients achieving complete remission or significant reduction in diarrhea .
Immune reconstitution is crucial for treating Cryptosporidium infections in AIDS and transplant patients, highlighting the importance of the immune system in combating the infection.
Bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract (immune DLE) has shown potential in producing symptomatic improvement in AIDS patients with cryptosporidiosis.
Immunomodulators like liposomal N-L18-norAbu-GMDP have been effective in increasing resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum in neonatal kids.
Improvement in nutritional and immune status with octreotide has led to the resolution of Cryptosporidium infection in an AIDS patient.
Prophylactic treatment with halofuginone lactate in calves has been associated with delayed onset of oocyst shedding and improved survival rates.
Repurposing of drugs developed for other indications has identified potential leads for Cryptosporidium therapeutics, such as an imidazole-pyrimidine compound that showed significant clearance of infection in a mouse model.

In conclusion, the treatment of Cryptosporidium infection primarily relies on nitazoxanide, with paromomycin also showing efficacy, particularly in AIDS patients. Immune system support is a critical aspect of treatment. Experimental therapies, including immune DLE and repurposed drugs, have shown promise in both human and animal models. The development of new treatments is ongoing, with a focus on compounds that can overcome the limitations of current therapies, especially for immunocompromised individuals and young children.

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How is Cryptosporidium infection treated?

Summary

Sources and full results

Human infection with Cryptosporidium felis: case report and literature review.

Cryptosporidium felis infection in HIV-positive men can be successfully treated with paromomycin, emphasizing the public health importance of Cryptosporidium parasites other than C. parvum.

Treatment of Cryptosporidium: What We Know, Gaps, and the Way Forward

Nitazoxanide is the only proven treatment for Cryptosporidium infections, but its effectiveness is limited in immunocompromised patients and infants, highlighting the need for improved therapies.

Paromomycin: an effective treatment for cryptosporidial diarrhea in patients with AIDS.

Paromomycin is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS, with dose-related efficacy and continuous maintenance therapy needed to prevent relapses.

Cryptosporidium infection in an adult mouse model. Independent roles for IFN-gamma and CD4+ T lymphocytes in protective immunity.

Both CD4+ cells and IFN-gamma play crucial roles in preventing Cryptosporidium infection, with both being required to prevent infection initiation and both limiting infection extent or duration.

A controlled trial of bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract for cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS.

Immune bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract (immune DLE) provides sustained symptomatic improvement in patients with AIDS and active cryptosporidiosis, potentially due to augmented cellular immunity to Cryptosporidium parvum.

Past, current, and potential treatments for cryptosporidiosis in humans and farm animals: A comprehensive review

Current treatments for cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals are limited, with nitazoxanide showing moderate efficacy in immunocompetent patients, and no effective drugs for severe cases in immunodeficient patients, young children, and neonatal livestock.

Stimulation of innate immunity in newborn kids against Cryptosporidium parvum infection-challenge by intranasal/per-oral administration of liposomal formulation of N-L18-norAbu-GMDP adjuvant

Liposomal N-L18-norAbu-GMDP effectively suppresses Cryptosporidium parvum infection in newborns, with all doses and routes of administration being effective.

Resolution of Cryptosporidium infection in an AIDS patient after improvement of nutritional and immune status with octreotide.

Octreotide treatment improves nutritional and immune status in an AIDS patient, leading to resolution of cryptosporidium infection and highlighting the importance of adequate nutrition for immune system function.

Cryptosporidium outbreak in calves on a large dairy farm: Effect of treatment and the association with the inflammatory response and short-term weight gain

Correct prophylactic treatment with halofuginone lactate delays Cryptosporidium shedding and improves survival in neonatal dairy calves, but is negatively associated with weight gain at 3 months of age.

Repurposing Infectious Disease Hits as Anti-Cryptosporidium Leads.

An imidazole-pyrimidine compound showed significant clearance of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in a mouse model, with favorable safety and pharmacokinetic properties, suggesting potential as a lead for Cryptosporidium therapeutics.

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