Are micrornas related to neurodegenerative diseases?
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The Role of MicroRNAs in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Introduction to MicroRNAs and Neurodegenerative Diseases
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. They are involved in various cellular processes, including neuronal differentiation, survival, and activity. Dysregulation of miRNAs has been increasingly linked to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) .
Commonly Dysregulated MicroRNAs in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Several miRNAs have been identified as commonly dysregulated across multiple neurodegenerative diseases. These include miR-9-5p, miR-21-5p, the miR-29 family, miR-132-3p, miR-124-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-155-5p, and miR-223-3p. These miRNAs are involved in regulating broad networks of genes and have been shown to play significant roles in both neural and immune components of these diseases . The dysregulation of these miRNAs suggests common molecular mechanisms underlying various forms of neurodegeneration.
MicroRNAs and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Oxidative stress is a well-known factor in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. It has been found that oxidative stress affects the expression levels of multiple miRNAs, and conversely, miRNAs regulate many genes involved in the oxidative stress response. This interplay between miRNAs and oxidative stress contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction, deregulation of proteostasis, and increased neuroinflammation, ultimately leading to neuronal death . Modulating the levels of specific miRNAs may therefore offer neuroprotective benefits by alleviating oxidative damage.
MicroRNAs as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets
The potential of miRNAs as biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases is being actively explored. Altered miRNA expression levels in peripheral tissues of patients with NDDs could serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers . Additionally, miRNA-based therapeutic approaches are being investigated, with the aim of either inhibiting or promoting miRNA expression to restore normal cellular functions. This therapeutic strategy holds promise but requires further research to ensure safety and efficacy .
MicroRNAs in Cognitive Dysfunction and Neurodevelopment
MiRNAs are also implicated in cognitive disorders and neurodevelopmental processes. Dysregulation of miRNAs affects synaptic plasticity, memory, and overall neuronal function, contributing to cognitive impairments seen in diseases like AD, PD, and HD. The feasibility of miRNA-based therapies for treating cognitive dysfunctions is being explored, with the potential to offer new treatment avenues for these disorders.
Conclusion
In summary, miRNAs play a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases by regulating gene expression involved in neuronal survival, oxidative stress response, and neuroinflammation. Commonly dysregulated miRNAs across various NDDs suggest shared molecular mechanisms, making them potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. While miRNA-based therapies hold promise, further research is needed to fully understand their therapeutic potential and ensure their safe application in clinical settings.
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