Non examples of matter
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Beta · 18 papersNon-Examples of Matter
Understanding what constitutes matter is fundamental in physics, but equally important is recognizing what does not qualify as matter. This article explores various non-examples of matter, drawing insights from recent research.
Non-Abelian States of Matter
Quasiparticles and Quantum Computation
In certain two-dimensional systems, interactions between electrons or atoms lead to the formation of quasiparticles that do not fit the traditional classification of fermions or bosons. These quasiparticles, found in non-Abelian states of matter, create a degenerate ground state and can shift the system between different ground states when interchanged. These states are particularly interesting for their potential applications in quantum computation, as they offer a unique way to manipulate quantum information.
Compound Physical Substances
Living vs. Non-Living Entities
Physical substances can be broadly categorized into compound pieces of matter and living organisms. Compound pieces of matter, such as carbon atoms, salt molecules, and pieces of gold, have their parts essentially connected through dynamic equilibrium of attractive and repulsive forces. In contrast, living organisms like protozoa, trees, and cats are united by functional connections in a broadly Aristotelian sense, which is compatible with naturalistic biology. This distinction highlights that while both categories are made of matter, their internal connections and organizational principles differ significantly.
Nonmetricity in Spacetime
Spacetime and Non-Riemannian Geometry
At energies above the Planck scale, or in the early Universe during the inflationary period, spacetime may exhibit non-Riemannian properties. In such scenarios, nonmetricity appears alongside curvature and torsion as a field strength. This nonmetricity influences the behavior of matter, particularly through shear and dilation currents. The study of test matter in these nonmetric geometries reveals that such matter is endowed with shear degrees of freedom and can be described by a world spinor, indicating complex interactions that go beyond traditional matter descriptions.
Conclusion
While matter is a well-defined concept in physics, various phenomena and entities challenge this definition. Non-Abelian states of matter, the distinction between compound physical substances and living organisms, and the role of nonmetricity in spacetime all provide insights into the complex nature of what does and does not constitute matter. Understanding these non-examples helps refine our comprehension of the physical world and its underlying principles.
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