speech delay

Introduction

Speech delay is a common developmental issue in children, characterized by a slower than typical development of speech and language skills. This condition can be influenced by various factors, including auditory feedback mechanisms, neurological processes, and environmental factors. Understanding the prevalence, causes, and effects of speech delay is crucial for developing effective interventions and support strategies.

Key Insights

Prevalence and Demographics:
- The prevalence of speech delay in 6-year-old children is approximately 3.8%, with higher rates in boys (4.5%) compared to girls (3.1%).
- Speech delay often co-occurs with language impairments, with about 1.3% of children showing comorbidity.
Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF) Effects:
- Delayed auditory feedback can significantly disrupt normal speech production, causing prolongation of vowels, repetition of consonants, and increased intensity of utterance .
- The severity of speech disruption increases with longer delays, particularly beyond 30 milliseconds .
Neurological and Physiological Factors:
- Brain regions such as the superior temporal gyrus (STG), supramarginal gyrus (SMG), and middle temporal gyrus (MTG) are activated during speech production under delayed auditory feedback, indicating their role in self-monitoring and speech control.
- Individual differences in susceptibility to DAF are influenced by personality and physiological characteristics.
Natural History and Risk Factors:
- Primary speech and language delays can be categorized into various subtypes, including speech only, language only, and combined speech and language delays. Predictive accuracy improves when expressive and receptive language are considered together.
- Speech delay can be a symptom of various underlying conditions such as mental retardation, hearing loss, autism, and cerebral palsy. Early detection and intervention are crucial for mitigating associated deficits.

Conclusion

Speech delay is a multifaceted issue with a prevalence of around 3.8% in young children, more common in boys than girls. Delayed auditory feedback significantly disrupts speech production, with effects becoming more pronounced at longer delays. Neurological studies highlight the involvement of specific brain regions in managing speech under delayed feedback conditions. Understanding the natural history and risk factors of speech delay is essential for early diagnosis and intervention, which can significantly improve outcomes for affected children.

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Summary

Introduction

Key Insights

Conclusion

Sources and full results

Effects of delayed speech feedback

Delayed speech feedback can act as a governor of speech speed, regulating phoneme unit articulation and influencing natural speech, artificial stutters, and motor aphasias.

Prevalence and natural history of primary speech and language delay: findings from a systematic review of the literature.

Primary speech and language delays are common, but their prevalence and natural history vary, with better predictions when language is considered independently of speech and expressive and receptive language are combined.

Delayed Auditory Feedback

Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) can significantly affect speech, potentially aiding in the detection of auditory malingering and enhancing our understanding of stammering.

Tolerable Hearing Aid Delays. II. Estimation of Limits Imposed During Speech Production

Digital hearing aids can cause speech production to be hardly affected by processing delays of up to 30 msec, with a permissible limit of 20 to 30 msec.

Prevalence of speech delay in 6-year-old children and comorbidity with language impairment.

Speech delay is prevalent in 3.8% of 6-year-old children, with boys having a 1.5 times higher prevalence than girls, and is comorbid with Specific Language Impairment.

Effect of delayed auditory feedback on normal speakers at two speech rates.

Delay auditory feedback significantly increases dysfluencies in normal speakers, suggesting that speech disruption in normal speakers under DAF is a poor analog of stuttering.

Speech processing using group delay functions

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of processing the Fourier transform phase of a speech signal to derive the smooth log magnitude spectrum corresponding to the vocal tract system, using group delay functions and spectral properties of the excitation signal.

Brain activations during conscious self‐monitoring of speech production with delayed auditory feedback: An fMRI study

The temporo-parietal regions function as a conscious self-monitoring system to support an automatic speech production system when speech is delayed by 200ms.

Factoral Analysis of the Delayed Speech Feedback Phenomenon

Delayed speech feedback performance improves with higher intensity levels, and the delay's effectiveness is more than just interference from background noise.

Evaluation and management of the child with speech delay.

Speech delay in children can be a symptom of various disorders, and early detection and intervention can improve outcomes.

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