How is typhoid fever treated?
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Summary
10 papers analyzed
These studies suggest that typhoid fever can be effectively treated with various antibiotics including fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, gatifloxacin), macrolides (azithromycin), cephalosporins (cefixime, ceftriaxone), and chloramphenicol, with some treatments also targeting multidrug-resistant strains and no relapses reported.
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Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serotype typhi. Treatment of this disease is critical due to its morbidity and mortality, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains has made the choice of effective antibiotics more challenging.
Key insights from the research papers include:
- Ciprofloxacin is effective for severe typhoid fever in children, with a high rate of clinical cure and eradication of multiresistant Salmonella typhi infection.
- Ofloxacin and cefixime are both used for treating typhoid fever in children, with ofloxacin showing a shorter fever clearance time and fewer treatment failures compared to cefixime.
- Gatifloxacin and azithromycin have similar efficacy and safety profiles for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in children and adults, even in the presence of multidrug and nalidixic acid resistance.
- Azithromycin is as effective as chloramphenicol for the treatment of typhoid fever, with no prolonged faecal carriage of Salmonella spp. observed.
- Fluoroquinolone drugs are the empiric treatment of choice for typhoid fever, with ceftriaxone and azithromycin as alternatives.
- A short course of azithromycin is an effective treatment for uncomplicated typhoid fever in children and adolescents, with a high cure rate and no relapses observed.
- Ofloxacin has shown a 100% rate of clinical effectiveness and bacteriological cure for typhoid fever.
- Ceftriaxone therapy is effective in treating typhoid fever, with a high rate of clinical cure and no positive blood culture for S. typhi observed on day 5.
- A combination of ceftriaxone and azithromycin may be considered as an empirical therapy for uncomplicated typhoid fever, with a high cure rate and no recorded relapses.
In conclusion, the treatment of typhoid fever involves a range of antibiotics, with fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin being highly effective. Alternatives like azithromycin and ceftriaxone are also effective, especially in the context of multidrug resistance. Combination therapies, such as ceftriaxone and azithromycin, have been shown to be effective as well. The choice of antibiotic may depend on the severity of the disease, the presence of drug-resistant strains, and the patient's response to treatment.
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