10 papers analyzed
Some studies suggest kratom can cause liver injury, including hepatomegaly, intrahepatic cholestasis, and severe cholestatic liver injury, while other studies indicate the need for further research to clarify its hepatotoxic effects.
10 papers analyzed
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tropical tree native to Southeast Asia, traditionally used for its stimulant and analgesic properties. In recent years, its use has spread globally, raising concerns about its safety, particularly regarding potential hepatotoxic effects.
Evidence of Hepatotoxicity in Human Case Reports
Latency Period and Severity
Reversibility of Liver Damage
Mechanisms and Histopathological Findings
Potential for Multiorgan Involvement
The collective evidence from multiple studies and case reports indicates that kratom has the potential to cause hepatotoxicity, often presenting as cholestatic liver injury. The onset of symptoms typically occurs within a few weeks of consumption, and while some liver damage may be reversible upon discontinuation, the long-term effects are not well understood. Additionally, kratom's toxic effects may extend beyond the liver, affecting other organs. Therefore, caution is advised when using kratom, especially given the lack of regulatory oversight and standardized safety evaluations.
What are the mechanisms of gene regulation and expression?
What are the symptoms of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
living animal closest to a dinosaur
development of an automated system for a home aquafarm
python
How have disney songs reflected US society?