what is the link between being male/female and migration intention.

Introduction

The relationship between gender and migration intention is a multifaceted topic influenced by various socio-economic, cultural, and biological factors. Research has explored how these factors differentially impact the migration decisions of males and females across different species and human populations.

Key Insights

Sex-Based Trade-Offs in Migration:
- Females often migrate earlier and in higher percentages compared to males in certain species, suggesting significant sex-based trade-offs in migration decisions .
Economic and Employment Opportunities:
- Both men and women migrate primarily for job opportunities and wage differentials. However, women are also significantly influenced by marriage prospects and social factors, which are less prominent for men .
Impact of Local Density and Sex Ratio:
- Migration decisions are sensitive to local male and female densities. Males are more likely to migrate in response to local sex ratios, while females' migration decisions are more influenced by competition and resource availability .
Cultural and Patriarchal Norms:
- Patriarchal gender ideologies and household structures significantly influence migration decisions. Women from more egalitarian households are more likely to migrate, while traditional households tend to send male migrants.
Genetic and Population Structure:
- Female migration has a more substantial impact on the genetic structure of populations in large mammals due to the comigration of mothers and offspring, which is less pronounced in males.
Efficiency and Sensitivity to Economic Opportunities:
- Female migration is often more efficient in terms of population redistribution. Women are more sensitive to regional economic opportunities, especially in rural areas, compared to men who are more attracted to urban job opportunities.

Conclusion

The link between gender and migration intention is complex and influenced by a combination of biological, economic, social, and cultural factors. Females often migrate earlier and in higher numbers due to sex-based trade-offs and competition. Economic opportunities drive both genders, but women are also influenced by marriage prospects and social factors. Cultural norms and household structures play a significant role, with more egalitarian households being more likely to have female migrants. Additionally, female migration has a more pronounced impact on population genetic structure and is more efficient in population redistribution.

What is the link between being male/female and migration intention.

Summary

Introduction

Key Insights

Conclusion

Sources and full results

Sex- and context-dependent migration in a pond-breeding amphibian.

Migration in red-spotted newts is influenced by local density and gender, with females migrating earlier and 64% more developing the migrant phenotype than males.

Female Migration: A Conceptual Framework

Female migration is driven by job opportunities, wage differentials, and marriage, with marriage being an unavoidable correlate of migration in developing countries.

Sex‐related variation in migration phenology in relation to sexual dimorphism: a test of competing hypotheses for the evolution of protandry

Protandry in bird migration positively correlates with sexual size dimorphism, but not with dichromatism, suggesting that larger males may migrate earlier due to less susceptibility to adverse conditions.

Gender-Specific Emigration Decisions Sensitive to Local Male and Female Density

Emigration decisions in species with discrete generations and polygynous mating depend on a critical threshold density of their own gender, with females and males emigrating depending on resource competition.

Higher impact of female than male migration on population structure in large mammals

Female migration significantly influences genetic structure in large mammals, with comigration of mother and offspring during gravidity and lactation being the primary cause.

Does Gender Ideology Matter in Migration?

Gender ideology influences migration decisions in Georgia, with women migrating from egalitarian households and men from traditional households, and mothers facing unique constraints in migration.

Gendering Interprovincial Migration in China 1

Female migration in China is more efficient and contributes to greater population redistribution than male migration, with women more sensitive to regional differences in economic opportunities.

Gender and migration

Gender relations, rather than biology, play a more significant role in shaping migration patterns, influencing who migrates, in what proportions, and with what goals and motives.

Local Ties and Family Migration

Local ties to work and family significantly decrease the likelihood of family migration, with the man's work ties being more influential than the woman's, and no significant gender differences in the impact of family ties.

Reframing the Migration Question: An Analysis of Men, Women, and Gender in Mexico

Higher education increases migration among women, while men are negatively selected to migrate, and women face higher migration risks than married women.

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