Monkey kidney
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Advances in Monkey Kidney Research: Transplantation, Microvasculature, and Cellular Studies
Improved Techniques for Monkey Kidney Transplantation
Recent advancements in microsurgical techniques have significantly improved the outcomes of kidney transplantation in monkeys. A notable method involves transplanting the left graft kidney to the lower abdomen with precise anastomoses of the renal artery to the aorta, renal vein to the inferior vena cava, and donor and recipient ureter using 8-0 nylon sutures. This technique has been successfully performed in 60 Vervet monkeys, with no deaths attributed to surgery or surgical complications. This reproducible model is invaluable for testing new immunosuppressants and investigating drug-induced tolerance and xenotransplantation in primates, providing crucial support for clinical trials1.
Anatomical Insights into Monkey Renal Microvasculature
The renal microvasculature of monkeys, specifically Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta, has been extensively studied to understand its unique anatomical features. Post-mortem perfusion with silicone rubber revealed detailed vascular patterns, including afferent arterioles and efferent vascular structures in various cortical regions. Notably, the medullary vasculature lacks distinct zonation, with vascular bundles running parallel from the outer medulla to the papillary tip. This intricate vascular network, including the branching of descending vasa recta and the formation of ascending vasa recta, plays a crucial role in the kidney's ability to concentrate urine despite the absence of an inner medullary zone2.
Gross Renal Vascular Morphology
Further studies on the gross renal vascular system of Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta have identified six to eight arterial segments in the monkey kidney, each supplied by a segmental artery. These segments are categorized into anterior (apical, upper, middle, lower) and posterior (posterior-apical, superior, intermediate, inferior) segments. The renal vein collects blood from three or four large intrarenal veins, with veins accompanying arteries and named correspondingly. This detailed understanding of the renal vascular system is essential for comparing and contrasting with human and canine renal anatomy3.
Radiation Response in Monkey Kidneys
Research on the radiation response of hypertrophied monkey kidneys post-unilateral nephrectomy has shown dose-dependent reductions in renal function and anemia. Monkeys receiving 44 Gy of gamma-rays exhibited progressive renal failure, while those receiving ≤39.6 Gy maintained stable, albeit impaired, renal function for up to 107 weeks. Morphological changes, including increased intercapillary eosinophilic material, ectatic capillaries, and tubular injury, were significantly dose-related. These findings highlight the complex interactions within the nephron and the dose-dependent nature of radiation-induced renal injury4.
Amino Acid Requirements of Monkey Kidney Cells
Studies on monkey kidney cells in their first culture passage have identified the necessity of 13 amino acids for survival and growth, similar to cell lines propagated in culture for years. Essential amino acids include arginine, cystine, glutamine, histidine, and tyrosine, with glutamic acid substituting for glutamine at high levels. Additionally, glycine was found to be growth-stimulatory, with cells failing to survive in glycine-deficient media. These findings are crucial for optimizing culture conditions for monkey kidney cells5.
Renal Tumors in Monkeys
A rare case of bilateral undifferentiated renal sarcomas in a rhesus monkey has been documented, adding to the limited reports of renal tumors in nonhuman primates. The affected monkey exhibited significant renal enlargement and neoplastic invasion of normal tissue, with a small metastasis in the adrenal gland. This case resembles malignant rhabdoid tumors in children and underscores the importance of monitoring and understanding renal tumors in primates6.
Utility of Monkey Kidney Cell Strains in Virus Research
The establishment of rhesus monkey kidney cell strains, such as LLC-MK1, LLC-MK2, and LLC-MK2(NCTC-3196), has proven valuable in virus research. These cell strains, adapted to chemically defined media, exhibit specific growth characteristics and sensitivity to various viruses. While not all viruses that grow in primary cultures are susceptible, these cell strains offer advantages for certain viral studies, enhancing our understanding of viral infections and potential treatments7.
Enzymatic Activity in Monkey Kidneys
Research on 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG) reductase in monkey kidneys has identified three enzyme forms: a dimeric enzyme with dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity and two monomeric enzymes with aldehyde reductase activity. These enzymes play a crucial role in preventing protein damage by reducing 3DG, a reactive intermediate in glucose-mediated protein cross-linking. The high catalytic efficiency of these enzymes highlights their importance in maintaining renal health8.
Fetal Monkey Model of Obstructive Renal Dysplasia
A fetal rhesus monkey model has been developed to study obstructive renal dysplasia, a major cause of pediatric renal failure. Induced ureteropelvic obstruction during the second trimester resulted in progressively smaller obstructed kidneys with features of renal dysplasia, including cortical cysts and mesenchymal changes. This model is essential for exploring the pathophysiology of congenital obstructive uropathy and the role of podocyte injury in long-term renal function9.
Automated Trypsinization of Monkey Kidney Tissue
An improved method for trypsinizing monkey kidney tissue using a glass mixing chamber and magnetic stirrer has been developed, yielding significantly higher cell counts compared to previous methods. This automated process ensures consistent cell suspension preparation, facilitating various research applications involving monkey kidney cells10.
Conclusion
The advancements in monkey kidney research, from transplantation techniques to cellular studies, provide valuable insights into renal function, disease, and potential treatments. These findings not only enhance our understanding of monkey renal physiology but also offer critical support for clinical applications and translational research.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Improved techniques for kidney transplantation in the monkey
Improved microsurgical techniques for kidney transplantation in monkeys provide a useful model for testing new immunosuppressants and investigating drug-induced tolerance and xenotransplantation in primates.
The renal microvasculature of the monkey: an anatomical investigation.
Monkey kidneys have a complex renal microvasculature, potentially contributing to their ability to concentrate urine despite the absence of an inner medullary zone.
Non-RCT
Animal StudyThe renal vascular system of the monkey: a gross anatomical description.
Monkey kidneys have six to eight arterial segments, each supplied by a segmental artery, and a three-region intrarenal venous system.
Non-RCTAnimal StudyRadiation response of the monkey kidney following contralateral nephrectomy.
Dose-dependent kidney damage in rhesus monkeys after unilateral nephrectomy leads to functional and morphological changes, with higher doses causing renal failure and lower doses causing glomerular changes and surviving animals.
Non-RCTAnimal StudyTHE AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF MONKEY KIDNEY CELLS IN FIRST CULTURE PASSAGE
Monkey kidney cells require 13 amino acids for survival and growth, with glycine being a growth-stimulating factor in primary culture.
In Vitro StudyBilateral Undifferentiated Renal Sarcomas in a Rhesus Monkey
Bilateral undifferentiated renal sarcomas were diagnosed in an adult male rhesus monkey, highlighting the potential for malignant mesenchymal renal tumors in nonhuman primates.
Case ReportGROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF MONKEY KIDNEY CELL STRAINS LLC-MK1, LLC-MK2, AND LLC-MK2(NCTC-3196) AND THEIR UTILITY IN VIRUS RESEARCH
The LLC-MK1, LLC-MK2, and LLC-MK2(NCTC-3196) strains of rhesus monkey kidney cells show growth characteristics and sensitivity to most viruses, but not all, with some advantages in certain viruses.
In Vitro Study
Highly CitedMonkey 3-deoxyglucosone reductase: tissue distribution and purification of three multiple forms of the kidney enzyme that are identical with dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, aldehyde reductase, and aldose reductase.
Monkey kidney enzymes show higher catalytic efficiency for 3-deoxyglucosone reduction than other mammalian enzymes, potentially protecting proteins from damage by 3DG formation.
In Vitro StudyFetal rhesus monkey model of obstructive renal dysplasia.
This fetal monkey model reveals that obstructed kidneys show features of renal dysplasia, with podocyte injury potentially playing a role in long-term renal function.
Non-RCTAnimal StudyHighly CitedTrypsinization of monkey-kidney tissue: an automatic method for the preparation of cell suspensions.
The revised method for trypsinizing monkey kidney tissue yields two to three times more cells per gram than the earlier method, and an automatic apparatus allows for a 30% greater cell yield compared to manual methods.
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