review article on the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole using green solvents

Review Article on the Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazole Using Green Solvents

Introduction

The synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles has garnered significant attention due to their wide range of applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. Traditional methods often involve the use of hazardous solvents and reagents, which pose environmental and safety concerns. Recently, there has been a shift towards developing greener synthetic routes that utilize environmentally benign solvents and conditions. This review focuses on the recent advancements in the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles using green solvents.

Green Solvent Approaches

Water as a Solvent Water is an ideal green solvent due to its non-toxic, non-flammable, and environmentally friendly nature. Several studies have demonstrated the successful synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles in aqueous media. For instance, a straightforward and sustainable synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles was achieved via a visible-light-promoted copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) in water. This method operates under mild conditions, with low catalyst loading and without the need for an inert atmosphere, making it highly efficient and recyclable. Another study reported the synthesis of bioactive 1-alkyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazole-4,9-diones using water as the solvent, highlighting its suitability for scale-up synthesis.
Glycerol as a Solvent Glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production, is another green solvent that has been employed in the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles. A highly efficient one-pot synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles was achieved using CuI and diethylamine in glycerol. This method provided good to excellent yields and utilized easily available reagents at room temperature, demonstrating the practicality and efficiency of glycerol as a green solvent .
Solvent-Free Conditions Solvent-free conditions represent an ultimate green approach by eliminating the use of solvents altogether. Several studies have reported the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles under solvent-free conditions. For example, a green and efficient synthesis of 1,2,4-triazole-3-selenones was achieved via a three-component reaction under solvent-free conditions at ambient temperature, yielding good results. Similarly, a solvent-free click synthesis of fluorinated 1,2,3-triazoles was developed, offering excellent yields within a short reaction time.
Alternative Green Solvents Other green solvents such as n-butanol have also been explored. A study demonstrated the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole acetamide derivatives using water and n-butanol, emphasizing the importance of green chemical synthesis in reducing the environmental impact of chemical processes. Additionally, a practical and efficient CuI-mediated synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles was developed using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as an additive, showcasing the versatility of green solvents.

Conclusion

The shift towards green solvents in the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles is a promising development in sustainable chemistry. Water, glycerol, and solvent-free conditions have proven to be effective alternatives to traditional hazardous solvents, offering high yields, mild reaction conditions, and recyclability. Continued research in this area is essential to further optimize these methods and expand their applicability in various fields.

References

A straightforward and sustainable synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles via visible-light-promoted copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC).
CuI/Et2NH-Catalyzed One-Pot Highly Efficient Synthesis of 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles in Green Solvent Glycerol.
CuI/Et2NH-Catalyzed One-Pot Highly Efficient Synthesis of 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles in Green Solvent Glycerol.
Synthesis of bioactive 1-alkyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazole-4,9-diones and N-aryl-2-aminomethylene-1,3-indanediones using water as the solvent.
Synthesis of 1,2,4-triazole-3-selenones via three-component reaction between benzohydrazide, potassium selenocyanate and acyl chlorides under solvent-free conditions.
Efficient Eco-Friendly Solvent-Free Click Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Fluorinated 1,2,3-Triazoles and their Conversion into Schiff Bases.
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF 1,4- DISUBSTITUTED 1,2,3- TRIAZOLE ACETAMIDE DERIVATIVES BY UTILIZING THE CLICK CHEMISTRY APPROACH.
CTAB promoted CuI catalyzed green and economical synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles.

Review article on the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole using green solvents

Summary